Mafotokozedwe aukadaulo a PAM

The luso zizindikiro zapolyacrylamideNthawi zambiri zimakhala zolemetsa, digiri ya hydrolysis, digiri ya ionic, viscosity, zotsalira za monomer, kotero weruzani mtundu wa PAM ungathenso kuweruzidwa kuchokera kuzizindikiro izi!

01Kulemera kwa Maselo

Kulemera kwa molekyulu ya PAM ndikwapamwamba kwambiri ndipo kwasintha kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa.PAM, yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito m'ma 1970, inali ndi mamolekyu olemera mamiliyoni. Kuyambira m'ma 1980, kulemera kwa molekyulu ya PAM yothandiza kwambiri inali yoposa 15 miliyoni, ndipo ena adafika pa 20 miliyoni. Mamolekyu aliwonse a PAM amenewa amapangidwa ndi polymer kuchokera ku mamolekyu oposa 100,000 a acrylamide kapena sodium acrylate (acrylamide ili ndi kulemera kwa mamolekyu 71, ndipo PAM yokhala ndi ma monomer 100,000 ili ndi kulemera kwa mamolekyu 7.1 miliyoni).

Kawirikawiri, PAM yokhala ndi kulemera kwakukulu kwa maselo imakhala ndi ntchito yabwino yoyenda bwino, yokhala ndi molekyulu yolemera 71 ya acrylamide ndi 7.1 miliyoni ya PAM yomwe ili ndi 100,000 monomers. Kulemera kwa maselo a polyacrylamide ndi zotumphukira zake kuchokera ku masauzande kupita ku 10 miliyoni, malinga ndi kulemera kwa maselo akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu otsika (pansi pa 1 miliyoni), kulemera kwapakati (1 miliyoni mpaka 10 miliyoni), kulemera kwakukulu kwa maselo. (10 miliyoni mpaka 15 miliyoni), kulemera kwakukulu kwa maselo (kuposa 15 miliyoni).

The molecular kulemera kwa macromolecular organic kanthu, ngakhale mankhwala omwewo si kwathunthu yunifolomu, mwadzina maselo kulemera ndi avareji.

02Digiri ya hydrolysis ndi digiri ya ion

Digiri ya ionic ya PAM imakhudza kwambiri momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito, koma mtengo wake woyenera umadalira mtundu ndi mtundu wa zinthu zomwe zathandizidwa, padzakhala mikhalidwe yosiyana siyana muzochitika zosiyanasiyana. Ngati mphamvu ya ionic ya zinthu zomwe zathandizidwa ndipamwamba (zokhala ndi zinthu zambiri zosakhazikika), digiri ya ionic ya PAM iyenera kukhala yapamwamba, m'malo mwake, iyenera kukhala yotsika. Nthawi zambiri, digiri ya anion imatchedwa digiri ya hydrolysis. Ndipo digiri ya ionic nthawi zambiri imatanthawuza ma cations.

Iocity =n/(m+n)*100%

PAM yopangidwa koyambirira idapangidwa ndi polymerized kuchokera ku monomer ya polyacrylamide, yomwe inalibe gulu la -COONa. Musanagwiritse ntchito, NaOH iyenera kuwonjezeredwa ndikutenthedwa kuti hydrolyze gawo la -CONH2 gulu kukhala -COONA. Equation ili motere:

-CONH2 + NaOH → -COONA + NH3↑

Mpweya wa ammonia umatulutsidwa panthawi ya hydrolysis. Gawo la amide group hydrolysis mu PAM limatchedwa digiri ya hydrolysis ya PAM, yomwe ndi digiri ya anion. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mtundu uwu wa PAM sikoyenera, ndipo ntchitoyo ndi yosauka (kutentha kwa hydrolysis kudzapangitsa kulemera kwa maselo ndi ntchito ya PAM kuchepetsedwa kwambiri), sikunagwiritsidwe ntchito kawirikawiri kuyambira 1980s.

Kupanga kwamakono kwa PAM kuli ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana za digiri ya anion, wogwiritsa ntchito angathe malinga ndi kufunikira ndi kupyolera muyeso yeniyeni kusankha mitundu yoyenera, safuna hydrolysis, pambuyo pa kusungunuka kungagwiritsidwe ntchito.Komabe, pazifukwa za chizolowezi, anthu ena amatchulabe njira ya kusungunuka kwa ma flocculants ngati hydrolysis. Tikumbukenso kuti tanthauzo la hydrolysis ndi kuwonongeka kwa madzi, amene ndi mankhwala anachita. Hydrolysis ya PAM ili ndi mpweya wa ammonia; Kusungunuka kumangochitapo kanthu, popanda mankhwala. Awiriwo ndi osiyana kwambiri ndipo sayenera kusokonezedwa.

03Zotsalira za monomer

Zotsalira za monomer za PAM zimatanthawuza zomwe zili muacrylamide monomermu acrylamide polymerization mu polyacrylamide m'kati chosakwanira anachita ndipo potsiriza otsala mu mankhwala acrylamide. Ndi gawo lofunikira kuyesa ngati kuli koyenera kumakampani azakudya. Polyacrylamide si poizoni, koma acrylamide ali ndi kawopsedwe. Mu mafakitale polyacrylamide, n'zovuta kupewa kufufuza otsalira unpolymerized acrylamide monoma. Choncho, zili zotsalira monomer muPAM mankhwalaziyenera kulamulidwa mosamalitsa. Kuchuluka kwa monomer yotsalira mu PAM yogwiritsidwa ntchito m'madzi akumwa ndi chakudya sikuloledwa kupitirira 0.05% padziko lonse lapansi. Mtengo wazinthu zodziwika zakunja ndizotsika kuposa 0.03%.

04mamasukidwe akayendedwe

Njira ya PAM ndiyabwino kwambiri. Kuchuluka kwa molekyulu ya PAM, kumapangitsanso kukhuthala kwa yankho. Izi ndichifukwa choti ma macromolecules a PAM ndi maunyolo aatali, owonda omwe amatha kukana kusuntha kudzera munjira. Chofunikira cha viscosity ndikuwonetsetsa kukula kwa mphamvu yakukangana mu yankho, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti coefficient yamkati yamkati. The mamasukidwe akayendedwe a njira ya mitundu yonse ya polima organic kanthu ndi mkulu ndipo kumawonjezeka ndi kuwonjezeka kwa maselo kulemera. Njira yodziwira kulemera kwa maselo a polima organic, ndikuzindikira makulidwe amtundu wina wa yankho pazifukwa zina, ndiyeno molingana ndi chilinganizo china kuwerengera kulemera kwake, komwe kumadziwika kuti "viscose avareji ya molekyulu".